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常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題
過(guò)硫酸銨（Ammonium persulphate），也稱過(guò)二硫酸銨，是一種銨鹽，化學(xué)式(NH4)2S2O8，分子量為228.201。
Ammonium persulfate, also known as ammonium persulfate, is an ammonium salt with the chemical formula (NH4) 2S2O8 and a molecular weight of 228.201.
研究表明過(guò)硫酸銨作為氧化劑和漂白劑，被廣泛地用于蓄電池工業(yè)；它還用作聚合的引發(fā)劑、纖維工業(yè)的脫漿劑；并可用作金屬及半導(dǎo)體材料表面處理劑、印刷線路的刻蝕劑；還廣泛用于石油開(kāi)采的油層壓裂， 面粉和淀粉加工業(yè)、油脂工業(yè)， 在照相工業(yè)上用來(lái)除去海波。
Research has shown that ammonium persulfate is widely used in the battery industry as an oxidant and bleach; It is also used as an initiator for polymerization and a desizing agent in the fiber industry; And it can be used as a surface treatment agent for metal and semiconductor materials, as well as an etching agent for printed circuits; It is also widely used in oil reservoir fracturing for oil extraction, flour and starch processing, oil and fat industry, and in the photography industry to remove sea waves.
一、理化特性
1、 Physical and chemical properties
主要成分：工業(yè)級(jí) 含量≥95%。
Main components: Industrial grade content ≥ 95%.
外觀與性狀：無(wú)色單斜晶體，有時(shí)略帶淺綠色，有潮解性。
Appearance and characteristics: Colorless monoclinic crystal, sometimes slightly light green, deliquescent.
為過(guò)二硫酸的銨鹽。過(guò)二硫酸根含有過(guò)氧基，是強(qiáng)氧化劑。在120℃時(shí)分解放出氧并生成焦硫酸鹽。過(guò)二硫酸銨是強(qiáng)氧化劑,可以把Mn2+氧化為MnO4-。電解硫酸氫銨的水溶液即可制得過(guò)二硫酸銨。
The ammonium salt of persulfate. Peroxydisulfate contains peroxide groups and is a strong oxidant. At 120 ℃, oxygen is released and pyrophosphate is generated. Ammonium persulfate is a strong oxidant that can oxidize Mn2+to MnO4-. Ammonium persulfate can be obtained by electrolyzing an aqueous solution of ammonium bisulfate.
熔點(diǎn)(℃)：120(分解)
Melting point (℃): 120 (decomposition)
沸點(diǎn)(℃)：分解
Boiling point (℃): decomposition
相對(duì)密度（水=1）：1.982
Relative density (water=1): 1.982
相對(duì)蒸氣密度（空氣=1）：7.9
Relative vapor density (air=1): 7.9
溶解性：易溶于水。化學(xué)方程式為：(NH4)2S2O8+2H2O=（可逆）=2NH4HSO4+H2O2離子方程式：(NH4)2S2O8=2NH4++ S2O82- ，S2O82-+ 2H2O=(可逆)=2HSO4-+ H2O2，HSO4-=(可逆)=H+ + SO42-（所以過(guò)硫酸銨溶液中除了大量的銨根離子和過(guò)二硫酸根離子外，還存在少量的硫酸氫根離子和硫酸根離子，溶液水解顯酸性，加入硝酸可以抑制反應(yīng)正向進(jìn)行）
Solubility: Easily soluble in water. The chemical equation is: (NH4) 2S2O8+2H2O=(reversible)=2N4HSO4+H2O2. The ion equation is: (NH4) 2S2O8=2NH4++S2O82-, S2O82-+2H2O=(reversible)=2HSO4-+H2O2, HSO4-=(reversible)=H++SO42-. Therefore, in addition to a large number of ammonium ions and persulfate ions, there are also small amounts of hydrogen sulfate ions and sulfate ions in the ammonium persulfate solution. The solution hydrolyzes and becomes acidic, and adding nitric acid can inhibit the forward reaction
二、主要用途
2、 Main purpose
檢定和測(cè)定錳，用作氧化劑。漂白劑。照相還原劑和阻滯劑。電池去出彩劑。用于可溶性淀粉的制備。
Testing and determination of manganese, used as an oxidant. bleaching agents. Photographic reducing agents and blockers. Battery depolarization agent. Used for the preparation of soluble starch.
用作醋酸乙烯、丙烯酸酯等烯類(lèi)單體乳液聚合的引發(fā)劑，價(jià)格便宜，所得乳液耐水性較好。還用作脲醛樹(shù)脂的固化劑，固化速度非常快。亦用作淀粉膠黏劑的助氧化劑，與淀粉成分中的蛋白質(zhì)反應(yīng)提高粘接性，參考用量為淀粉的0.2%～0.4%。也用作金屬銅表面處理劑。
As an initiator for vinyl acetate, acrylate and other vinyl monomer lotion polymerization, the price is cheap, and the obtained lotion has good water resistance. It is also used as a curing agent for urea formaldehyde resin, with the fastest curing speed. Also used as a co oxidant for starch adhesives, it reacts with proteins in starch components to improve adhesion. The reference dosage is 0.2% to 0.4% of starch. Also used as a surface treatment agent for copper metal.
化學(xué)工業(yè)用作制造過(guò)硫酸鹽和雙氧水的原料,有機(jī)高分子聚合時(shí)的助聚劑、氯乙烯單體聚合時(shí)的引發(fā)劑。油脂、肥皂業(yè)用作漂白劑。還用于金屬板蝕割時(shí)的腐蝕劑及石油工業(yè)采油等方面。食品級(jí)用作小麥改質(zhì)劑、啤酒酵母防霉劑。
The chemical industry uses it as a raw material for the production of persulfate and hydrogen peroxide, as a polymerization aid for organic polymers, and as an initiator for the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers. Oil and soap are used as bleaching agents in the industry. It is also used as a corrosive agent for metal plate cutting and in oil recovery in the petroleum industry. Food grade used as a wheat modifier and beer yeast antifungal agent.
三、危險(xiǎn)性
3、 Danger
危險(xiǎn)性類(lèi)別：第5.1類(lèi)氧化性固體
Hazard category: Class 5.1 oxidizing solids
健康危害：對(duì)皮膚粘膜有刺激性和腐蝕性。吸入后引起鼻炎、喉炎、氣短和咳嗽等。眼、皮膚接觸可引起強(qiáng)烈刺激、疼痛甚至灼傷。口服引起腹痛、惡心和嘔吐。長(zhǎng)期皮膚接觸可引起變應(yīng)性皮炎。
Health hazards: Irritating and corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. Inhalation can cause rhinitis, pharyngitis, shortness of breath, and cough. Eye and skin contact can cause strong irritation, pain, and even burns. Oral administration can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Long term skin contact can cause allergic dermatitis.
燃爆危險(xiǎn)：本品助燃，具腐蝕性、刺激性，可致人體灼傷。
Explosive hazard: This product supports combustion, is corrosive and irritating, and can cause burns to the human body.
在低濃度水溶液中揮發(fā)較少。
Volatile less in low concentration aqueous solutions.
四、使用注意事項(xiàng)
4、 Precautions for use
急救措施
Emergency measures
皮膚接觸：立即脫去污染的衣著，用大量流動(dòng)清水沖洗至少15分鐘。就醫(yī)。
Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse with plenty of flowing water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention.
眼睛接觸：立即提起眼瞼，用大量流動(dòng)清水或生理鹽水有效沖洗至少15分鐘。就醫(yī)。
Eye contact: Immediately lift the eyelids and thoroughly rinse with plenty of flowing water or saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention.
吸入：迅速脫離現(xiàn)場(chǎng)至空氣新鮮處。保持呼吸道通暢。如呼吸困難，給輸氧。如呼吸停止，立即進(jìn)行人工呼吸。就醫(yī)。
Inhalation: Quickly leave the scene and move to a place with fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, immediately perform artificial respiration. Seek medical attention.
食入：用水漱口，給飲牛奶或蛋清。就醫(yī)。
Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water and drink milk or egg whites. Seek medical attention.
消防措施
Fire protection measures
危險(xiǎn)特性：無(wú)機(jī)氧化劑。受高熱或撞擊時(shí)即爆炸。與還原劑、有機(jī)物、易燃物如硫、磷或金屬粉末等混合可形成爆炸性混合物。
Hazardous characteristics: Inorganic oxidant. Explodes upon exposure to high heat or impact. Mixing with reducing agents, organic compounds, flammable substances such as sulfur, phosphorus, or metal powders can form explosive mixtures.
有害燃燒產(chǎn)物：氧化氮、氧化硫。
Harmful combustion products: nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides.
滅火方法：采用霧狀水、泡沫、砂土滅火。
Fire extinguishing method: use foggy water, foam and sand to extinguish the fire.
泄漏處理
Leakage handling
應(yīng)急處理：隔離泄漏污染區(qū)，限制出入。建議應(yīng)急處理人員戴防塵面具（多維度罩），穿防毒服。不要直接接觸泄漏物。勿使泄漏物與還原劑、有機(jī)物、易燃物或金屬粉末接觸。小量泄漏：用砂土、干燥石灰或蘇打灰混合。收集于干燥、潔凈、有蓋的容器中。也可以用大量水沖洗，洗水稀釋后放入廢水系統(tǒng)。大量泄漏：收集回收或運(yùn)至廢物處理場(chǎng)所處置。
Emergency response: Isolate the contaminated area and restrict access. It is recommended that emergency responders wear dust masks (full face shields) and gas protective clothing. Do not come into direct contact with the leaked material. Do not allow the leaked material to come into contact with reducing agents, organic matter, flammable materials, or metal powders. Minor leakage: Mix sand, dry lime, or soda ash. Collect in a dry, clean, and covered container. You can also rinse with a large amount of water, dilute the washing water, and put it into the wastewater system. Massive leakage: Collect and recycle or transport to waste disposal sites for disposal.
個(gè)體防護(hù)
Individual protection
呼吸系統(tǒng)防護(hù)：可能接觸其粉塵時(shí)，應(yīng)該佩戴頭罩型電動(dòng)送風(fēng)過(guò)濾式防塵呼吸器。高濃度環(huán)境中，建議佩戴自給式呼吸器。
Respiratory protection: When there is a possibility of exposure to dust, a hood type electric air supply filter dust respirator should be worn. In high concentration environments, it is recommended to wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
眼睛防護(hù)：呼吸系統(tǒng)防護(hù)中已作防護(hù)。
Eye protection: Respiratory protection has been implemented.
身體防護(hù)：穿聚乙烯防毒服。
Body protection: Wear polyethylene protective clothing.
手防護(hù)：戴橡膠手套。
Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves.
其他防護(hù)：工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)禁止吸煙、進(jìn)食和飲水。工作完畢，有效清洗。注意個(gè)人清潔衛(wèi)生。
Other protections: Smoking, eating, and drinking are prohibited at the work site. Work completed, thoroughly cleaned. Pay attention to personal hygiene and cleanliness.
穩(wěn)定性
stability
禁配物：強(qiáng)還原劑、活性金屬粉末、水、硫、磷。
Prohibited substances: Strong reducing agents, active metal powders, water, sulfur, phosphorus.
避免接觸的條件：潮濕空氣。
Conditions to avoid contact: humid air.
毒理學(xué)
toxicology
急性毒性：LD50：820 mg/kg（大鼠經(jīng)口）
Acute toxicity: LD50: 820 mg/kg (oral administration in rats)
LC50：無(wú)資料
LC50: No data available
廢棄處置
Disposal of waste
廢棄處置方法：根據(jù)國(guó)家和地方有關(guān)法規(guī)的要求處置。或與廠商或制造商聯(lián)系，確定處置方法。
Disposal method: Dispose of according to the requirements of relevant national and local regulations. Or contact the manufacturer or vendor to determine the disposal method.
五、儲(chǔ)存運(yùn)輸
5、 Storage and transportation
儲(chǔ)存注意事項(xiàng)：儲(chǔ)存于陰涼、干燥、通風(fēng)良好的庫(kù)房。遠(yuǎn)離火種、熱源。包裝建議密封，防止受潮。應(yīng)與還原劑、活性金屬粉末等分開(kāi)存放，切忌混儲(chǔ)。儲(chǔ)區(qū)應(yīng)備有合適的材料收容泄漏物。
Storage precautions: Store in a cool, dry, and well ventilated warehouse. Stay away from sources of fire and heat. The packaging must be sealed to prevent moisture. It should be stored separately from reducing agents, active metal powders, etc., and avoid mixing storage. The storage area should be equipped with suitable materials to contain leaked materials.
危險(xiǎn)貨物編號(hào)：51504
Dangerous Goods Number: 51504
UN編號(hào)：1444
UN number: 1444
包裝類(lèi)別：O53
Packaging category: O53
運(yùn)輸注意事項(xiàng)：鐵路運(yùn)輸時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照鐵道部《危險(xiǎn)貨物運(yùn)輸規(guī)則》中的危險(xiǎn)貨物配裝表進(jìn)行配裝。運(yùn)輸時(shí)單獨(dú)裝運(yùn)，運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中要確保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不墜落、不損壞。運(yùn)輸時(shí)運(yùn)輸車(chē)輛應(yīng)配備相應(yīng)品種和數(shù)量的消防器材。嚴(yán)禁與酸類(lèi)、易燃物、有機(jī)物、還原劑、自燃物品、遇濕易燃物品等并車(chē)混運(yùn)。運(yùn)輸時(shí)車(chē)速不宜過(guò)快，不得強(qiáng)行超車(chē)。運(yùn)輸車(chē)輛裝卸前后，均應(yīng)有效清掃、洗凈，嚴(yán)禁混入有機(jī)物、易燃物等雜質(zhì)。
Transportation precautions: During railway transportation, the dangerous goods loading table in the "Dangerous Goods Transport Rules" of the Ministry of Railways should be strictly followed for loading. When transported separately, ensure that the container does not leak, collapse, fall, or damage during transportation. Transport vehicles should be equipped with corresponding types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment during transportation. It is strictly prohibited to transport and mix with acids, flammable materials, organic substances, reducing agents, self igniting materials, and flammable materials when wet. During transportation, the speed should not be too fast and overtaking is not allowed by force. Transport vehicles should be thoroughly cleaned and washed before and after loading and unloading, and it is strictly prohibited to mix impurities such as organic matter and flammable materials.
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